Global Change Master Directory - From NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, a collection of tens of thousands of descriptions of Earth science data sets and services covering all aspects of Earth and environmental sciences.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) - Multi-disciplinary science organization that focuses on biology, geography, geology, geospatial information.
World Development Indicators - World Bank data on agriculture, economy, debt, health, infrastructure, technology, trade, and more.
Environmental Indicators - Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) data compendium on major environmental trends in OECD countries.
Geospatial Data Gateway - Map library of over 100 high resolution vector and raster layers in the Geospatial Data Warehouse from the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
Data.gov - Over 200,000 datasets browseable and searchable by topic, location, type, format, and more.
National Atlas - U.S. National Atlas program through USGS that ran from 1997-2014.