Physics and Astronomy

Citations are a vital part of the research process. They allow the reader to locate sources used as part of your research, lend credibility to your argumentation, and demonstrate your ability to participate in a scholarly dialogue. Proper citations also give credit to the original authors of the sources or ideas you are using. Without these citations, it is impossible to avoid plagiarism.

The disciplines of Physics and Astronomy use either APA (American Psychological Association) Style or MLA (Modern Language Association) Style. To be sure you are using the correct style, check with your professor.

APA (American Psychological Association) Style, 7th Edition

Resources for Learning about APA

• APA Style Blog - Information and answers for unusual formats and citation questions.
• APA Tutorials and Webinars - Tutorials and webinars from the APA about APA 7th Edition.

Quick Guides for Formatting Citations Using APA

• Purdue OWL APA Guide - A guide to creating and understanding citations in APA format.
• APA Guide - Research guide with rules for citation and examples.
• APA Quick Reference Guide - Brief visual guide from the APA on formatting citations
• Excelsior OWL on APA - Another guide to creating and understanding citations in APA format.

MLA (Modern Language Association) Style, 8th Edition

Resources for Learning about MLA

• MLA Style Center - Writing resources from the Modern Language Association.
• MLA Style Blog - Information and answers for unusual formats and citation questions.
• MLA Tutorials - Purdue OWL tutorials on MLA style.

Quick Guides for Formatting Citations Using MLA

• Purdue OWL MLA Guide - A guide to creating and understanding citations in APA format.
• Penn State University MLA Quick Guide - Research guide with rules for citation and examples.
• Excelsior OWL on MLA - Another guide to creating and understanding citations in APA format.